Appropriation Of African American Culture - 1119 Words

Appropriation is very disrespectful and harmful to the culture being appropriated. In everyday society, African-American culture is being used to be â€Å"cool† and â€Å"different†. The fact that society values a white person for doing the same things black people having being doing for decades, â€Å"everyone wants to be black until it’s time to be black†, and allowing people to remain prejudice and/or ignore the racism the black community deals with, has led me to believe that the appropriation of African-American culture is significant and its effects cannot be ignored or washed away. Society values white people who have adopted elements of Black culture to be â€Å"edgy† or cool,rather than a black person who actually invented and started those customs.†¦show more content†¦Another style is Black dances, specifically, twerking. â€Å"Twerking† did not originate from Miley Cyrus. As said by Debbie Allen; â€Å"Well twerking is nothing but African isolations. It’s an African dance. It’s been given a new name. They’ve been twerking for 500 centuries†. Another reason I believe Black culture appropriation is a problem is the simple fact that â€Å"Everyone wants to be black until it’s time to be black.† Those who enjoy and partake in black culture are silent when it comes to their problems and issues. They seem to be able to â€Å"switch† back and forth from black with dances and styles, to white when problems arise. In our society, White people don t have to deal with their people being ruthlessl y killed every other day. We have to teach our children how to talk to officers so they come home safe. A tweet by black artist, Azealia Banks said: â€Å"It’s funny to see some people like Igloo Australia (Iggy Azalea) silent when things happen (police brutality). Black culture is cool, but black issues sure aren’t , huh?† White celebrities that are in the hip-hop genre and â€Å"adopted blackness never spoke about the racism that goes along with blackness.† They wear black hairstyles, partake in black dances, and listen to black artists, but never have to deal with their people being murdered in the streets. Appropriation allows those people who are appropriating to remain prejudice and/or ignore the racism the black community is dealing with. MaishaShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Cultural Appropriation On The Fashion Industry1316 Words   |  6 PagesJulia Raffa English 1110.01 David Winter 23 October 2015 The Effects of Cultural Appropriation in the Fashion Industry The fashion industry is one of the most prevalent and visible forms of influence on today’s society. Billboards, malls, magazines, TV, movies, advertisements, runways, etc. are filled with fashion campaigns usually distributed to make a statement and to influence the consumers. Often times, the fashion industry engages in offensive promotions like romanticizing eating less andRead MoreCultural Appropriation From A White Perspective. Cultural927 Words   |  4 PagesCultural Appropriation from A White Perspective Cultural appropriation is, ‘the ridiculous notion that being of a different culture or race (especially white) means that you are not allowed to adopt things from other cultures† (urban dictionary). A majority of whites feel this way but that is because they do not have a full understanding of the topic. Cultural appropriation is the adoption or use of the elements of one culture by members of another culture, however cultural appropriation typicallyRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Cultural Appropriation737 Words   |  3 PagesCultural appropriation has been causing a controversy. There has been enough consideration given to cultures. The main topics for cultural appropriation are fashion, music and hair. A lack of racial equality is shown in society. It is only acceptable if a white consumer is wearing it. It is showing up more with celebrities in ads or celebrities in general making other cultures become scorned. Consideration is not taken seriously for the history of t he cultures affected. A beauty ad campaign was releasedRead MoreThe Importance Of Cultural Appropriation1716 Words   |  7 Pages Cultural Appropriation can be a very controversial topic. According to the Cambridge Dictionary, Cultural Appropriation is defined as: â€Å"The act of taking or using things from a culture that is not your own, especially without showing that you understand or respect this culture.† There are various opinions and feelings on this topic. Some believe it is very offensive and should not be done, some believe it happens but is unavoidable and everyone should get used to it, or some believe it doesn’tRead MoreCultural Appropriation Is Inevitable Like Globalization1546 Words   |  7 PagesCultural appropriation is inevitable like Globalization The cultural exchanges of ideas, beliefs, and technology, the greater chance of cultural appropriation. This phenomenon is called globalization. Cultural appropriation is inevitable, but it can be viewed in a positive perspective instead of the current negative one. Consider the first time blue jeans became popular in American culture, now across the global people wear blue jeans and some consider it a major part of American culture ().Read MoreCultural Appropriation And Its Effect On Society Essay1505 Words   |  7 PagesCULTURE! he pride, the identity, the history, the importance it serves to its people. Culture show the struggle the knowledge, the life, and the death of a people. Cultural appropriation is defined as the adaptation or use of elements of one culture by the members of another culture. Seen by some as controversial where minority culture is used by cultural majority (whites), and is seen as stripping it of its importance and intellectual properties.Cultura l appropriation, it is something that weRead MoreCultural Appropriation And Its Effects On Society Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pagesdoes it mean to appropriate a culture? Does it mean to use a subject of that culture out of context until it is no longer â€Å"special† or â€Å"sacred†? Or is cultural appropriation a term used to reclaim a culture that a group wants to keep for itself? Maybe it’s the assumption all cultures must uphold their own ways of speaking, looking, and living without allowing anyone else to mimic them as to always stand out and hold a place in society. Regardless, cultural appropriation has been a trending topic ofRead MoreAppropriation Of Culture And Its Effects On Foreign Countries938 Words   |  4 PagesAppropriation of culture Cultural is where a group of people develop common ideas, common ways of doing things and common interpretation of certain things. Culture has great influence on foreign countries. People often from other countries get attracted to cultural aspects of other countries. Culture has great influence on media, politics and people’s everyday life. I experienced a pop culture moment where a group of white women was wearing sari (a cloth that is draped around the woman s body; itRead MoreAppropriation Of Culture And Culture1060 Words   |  5 PagesAppropriation of culture A culture is where a group of people develop common ideas, common ways of doing things and common interpretation of certain things. Culture has great influence on foreign countries. People often from other countries get attracted to cultural aspects of other countries. Culture has great influence on media, politics and people’s everyday life. I experienced a pop culture moment where a group of white women was wearing a sari, a cloth that is draped around the woman s body;Read MoreCulture And Culture Of The United States1381 Words   |  6 PagesMany cultures are recognized in the United States, the question is where did they all come from?, and how does integration of cultural choices influence today s culture? To understand this you have to understand history. The people of today, their ancestors, have all migrated to different places throughout the united states so you could say that we are all immigrants. Many cultures are rather similar to others because they have migr ated from the same parts of the world, but yet some show a major

Fire and Water Imagery in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre

Fire and Water Imagery in Jane Eyre In Jane Eyre, the use of water and fire imagery is very much related to the character and/or mood of the protagonists (i.e. Jane and Rochester, and to a certain extent St. John Rivers) -- and it also serves to show Jane in a sort of intermediate position between the two men. However, it should also be noted that the characteristics attributed to fire and water have alternately positive and negative implications -- to cite an example among many, near the beginning of the novel, reference is made to the devastating effects of water (ceaseless rain sweeping away wildly, death-white realm [i.e. of snow]), and fire is represented by a terrible red glare; later, fire is represented as being†¦show more content†¦This is manifested most evidently in the case of the first Mrs. Rochester, who has a fiery eye, a lurid visage that flame[s] over [Janes], is associated with a fiery West Indian night, and who quite literally turns Thornfield into an inferno after an (unsuccessful) attempt at burning Rochester in his bed. However, this negative association with fire also occurs with Rochester himself, if only to a certain extent. His passion for Jane causes him to try to tempt her into a step which might not only doom her to the fire and brimstone of the afterlife but also a living hell -- as she says about the thought of becoming his mistress, she would be fevered with delusive bliss one hour -- suffocating with the bitterest tears of remorse and shame the next. [yes!] Moreover, in his rà ´le as Byronic hero / tempter, the infernal association is not inappropriate either. It is perhaps significant that one of his earlier remarks to Jane is that he will pave hell with energy and form good intentions as durable as flint -- followed immediately by the new statute: unheard-of combinations of circumstances demand unheard-of rules, a statute that precipitates his attempted bigamy and the emotional torment and purgatoryShow MoreRelated Brontes Jane Eyre Essay: Importance o f Nature Imagery1550 Words   |  7 PagesNature Imagery in Jane Eyre      Ã‚  Ã‚   Charlotte Bronte makes extensive use of nature imagery in her novel, Jane Eyre, commenting on both the human relationship with the outdoors and with human nature. The Oxford Reference Dictionary defines nature as 1. the phenomena of the physical world as a whole . . . 2. a things essential qualities; a persons or animals innate character . . . 4. vital force, functions, or needs. Bronte speaks to each of these definitions throughout Jane Eyre. SeveralRead MoreWrite About the Ways the Difficulties of Love Are Explored in â€Å"Jane Eyre† and Claudio and Hero’s Relationship in â€Å"Much Ado About Nothing†.2162 Words   |  9 PagesCharlotte Bronte’s novel, â€Å"Jane Eyre† and William Shakespeare’s play, â€Å"Much Ado about Nothing†, both focus on the themes of love; â€Å"Jane Eyre† was written in 1851, the Victorian era whereas â€Å"Much Ado about Nothing† was written in 1599, the Elizabethan era. Although there may be over hundreds of years between them, both texts exhibit the ways the difficulties of love can be explored. Both texts imply that there will be difficulties as the relationships are established. Charlotte Bronte presentsRead MoreEssay on Fire Imagery in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre2660 Words   |  11 PagesFire Imagery in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre Incomplete Works Cited The prevalence of fire imagery and its multitude of metaphoric uses in Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre expresses two things that could not be expressed openly in the Victorian Period, which are mainly passion and sexuality. Brontes writing was dictated by the morals of her society, but her ideas were not. Jane Eyre was written with the Victorian reader in mind. Bronte knew that if she were to write about these two things directlyRead MoreBird Imagery in Jane Eyre2729 Words   |  11 PagesIn Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte uses many types of imagery to provide understanding of the characters and also to express reoccurring themes in the novel. Through bird imagery specifically, we are able to see Jane develop from a small, unhappy child into a mature and satisfied young woman. The familiarity and transcendence of birds have given them a wider range of meaning and symbol in literature than any other animal. The resemblance of their activities to common patterns of human behavior makesRead Mo reReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 PagesNotes Jane Eyre Background of author Name: Charlotte Bronte Birth/Death: April 21, 1816 to March 31,1855 Facts that connect: Mr. Brocklehurst is based off the Reverend Carus Wilson, the man who ran Cowan Bridge. Bronte lost two of her sisters, Mary and Elizabeth, to tuberculosis at Cowan Bridge. Bronte s brother, Patrick, became addicted to drugs and alcohol before he died. Similarities: She, along with her three sisters, was sent to the Clergy Daughters School at Cowan Bridge. Charlotte Bronte

Pangloss and Martin Fate and Reality Free Essays

As far as my simple self could deduce from Voltaire’s Candide, Pangloss and Martin are as different as they are wise when it comes to the brightness or, in Martin’s case, the darkness with which they view the world. Pangloss is evidently a man of knowing and has put much thought Into his philosophy that â€Å"everything Is for the best In the physical as well as the moral universe and nothing could be otherwise†¦ Quite the optimist, he went about life accepting things the way they were, putting up little fight nd attributing everything to the will of God or whatever higher power runs this universe (fate). I’d Ilke to think that Pangloss even looked forward to living life, gathering experiences even If they werent exactly Ideal. We will write a custom essay sample on Pangloss and Martin: Fate and Reality or any similar topic only for you Order Now Martin on the other hand, finds life very depressing what with having no one to love and nothing to look forward to; he sees no goodness in his fellow man and no happiness in any situation and often expresses exasperation with life. The Interesting thing about him however Is that he carries still this energy, an angry passion if you will. o live as well as he can (i. e. Martin decides to hang around with Candide because he has nothing to his name while Candide is flowing with riches and people treat the rich much better than those who have none); he’s actually a dark version of a realist, I think. Personally, find Martin to be a much better companion to be with for rather than Just placidly allow things to run way they do, he decides to take action and make things better in spite of his supposedly being fed up with the way the universe is. How to cite Pangloss and Martin: Fate and Reality, Papers

Corporate Responsibility and Governance Decisions

Question: Discuss about the Corporate Responsibility and Governance Decisions. Answer: Introduction: As per this case study, X and Y are two different countries with different financial and economic condition. As per the case study, Y is a developed country which a strong financial as well as economic growth. On the other hand, X is a country which is famous for its recent emergence in the financial as well as economic sector. From the above discussion, it can be understood that both the countries have totally different condition in terms of economic and financial aspects. On the other hand, there is a bad reputation of X for having corruption, bureaucracy, slow decision making process and others. However, X has become a lucrative country for investments for the emergence of the economy of the country. Now, in this position, one of the leading FMCG manufacturing and exporter companies of Y is considering a massive amount of investment in X looking at the high prospects of making profit in this country. For this reason, the Head of International Business Development of that company i s preparing a proposal for the investment in X. Hence, there are some major aspects that the Head of International Business development needs to consider (Saaty Vargas, 2013). First of all, he needs to analyze and evaluate the business opportunities in X. It has been reported that X is famous for its rapidly growing consumer spending and the growth in various commodity markets (Moosa, 2016). The international business head needs to examine that whether this business growth is also applicable for the manufacturing and export businesses or not. This needs to be done as the investment is of a very high worth that is US$ 500 million per year and there should not be any chance of making loss. Another important aspect that needs to be considered by the international business head is the amount of fee charged by the local business intermediaries of X for setting up of the business. Local intermediaries refers to the local business houses and the local business entities that helps to solve various issues faced by the foreign investors and help them to set up their business in this country. However, for this process, they use to charge a lot of money as fees. The f ee charged by one of the local business houses is very high and this amount can significantly impact the investment presentation by the international business head of that company (Shroff, Verdi Yu, 2013). The third factors that can impact the presentation of the international business head is the various issues in X regarding ethics and corporate governance (Wild, Wild Han, 2014). As per the case study, corruption and bureaucracy is present in the government of X; and one of the bad reputation of X is the slow decision making process by the government. In this situation, the adverse effect of these above discussed issues needs to be considered by the head of international business of the foreign company. Lastly, the advice to set up a Community Development Foundation by one of the local business houses can make an impact on the investment proposal. They international business head needs to evaluate the pros and cons of setting up of a Community Development Foundation and needs to analyze that whether the company will be profitable by this move or not. These are the four major factors that can make a significant impact on the presentation of the investment proposal. Hence, it is recom mended to the international business head to take into consideration all these above discussed issues before making the decision of investing that large amount of money in X (Moffett, Stonehill Eiteman, 2014). There are various pros and cons of investing in the country X. There are many advantages of investing in X. First of all, X is a developing nation. The country is famous for its speedy growth. The rise of the middle class in the country make contributes to the rise in the consumption power of common people. The rise in the consumption power of people has resulted in the growth in the manufacturing sector along with growth in the economy of the country. All these aspects together contribute towards a favorable business situation for the foreign company. The aim of the company is to develop a worldwide business image for them. The success of the organization in the country X will contribute to the foreign country in gaining the desired international image and they will have a chance to expand their business. These are the pros of investing in X (Dunning, 2012). Along with the pros, there are many cons in the process of investing in X. The disadvantages are all about ethical business practices and faulty corporate governance process. The first disadvantage of investing in X is the high amount of fee demanded by the local business intermediaries known as local business houses. The high amount of fee can affect the profitability of the organization (Cavusgil et al., 2014). Another con of investing in X is the presence of corruption in the government body. The government of a country is considered as the backbone of that country; and hence, corruption in the government body can affect the business policy of the country which can passively affect the business of the foreign company (Eicher, 2016). The slow decision making process of the government is another con of investing in X. it is desired that the government will take prompt and effective decisions. And the most crucial disadvantage of investing in X is the questionable investment procedur e prescribed by the government of the country. The investment procedure of the country is not effective compared to the other companies. The investors invest in a country in hope to get desired returns from that investment. For this reason, it is desirable that the country makes such investment policies that can be dependable for the investors and they can get good returns. The corporate governance policy of the country is a major disadvantage for the investors (Neelankavil, 2015). These are the major cons or major disadvantages in investing in X. thus, it can be seen that there are both advantages and disadvantages in investing in X. An old age local practice can be seen in X at the time of doing foreign businesses. As per this business tradition, the local business houses or local business entities of X help to set up the foreign businesses in this country. They provide various type of assistance to the foreign companies like they speed up various business processes of the foreign investors, they provides business advises to them and many others. These local business houses have links with various government departments and functionaries and for this reasons, they can do these works very easily (Lambsdorff, 2013). However, they use to charge a large amount of money for these purposes. The fee is about 10% to 25% on the value of incoming investment deals. This is a significant percentage to the investors. For instance, in case of the foreign company of Y, the fee will be among US$ 50 million to US$ 125 million that is 10% to 25% of the incoming investment deal. In case of a US$ 500 million investment deal, US$ 50 million to US$ 125 million is a huge cost. This is all about the fee of local partners (Madsen, Moen Hammervold, 2012). From the whole discussion, it can be understood that the investment deal involves the interest of both the countries. As per the study, an FMCG manufacturing and export company of the country Y wants to invest a large amount of money in the business of the country X. There are various reasons behind this decision. First of all, X is a developing country whose financial position and economy is going into a better direction. As a result of this, the consumption and spending power of the people of the country is increasing. This is a lucrative opportunity for the company of Y as they can have the chance to get foot in a growing market. On the other hand, the company will be become more credible as an investor in overseas corporate social responsibility. These are the major business benefits that Y can get from this investment decision. On the other hand, X will be benefitted from this deal in a great way. The foreign company will establish a Community Development Foundation. The main fu nction of this institute will be to provide funds for schools, doctor clinics, power generation centers, supply of water, provide sanitation facilities for more than ten thousand people and others. Along with these facilities, the invest will create job opportunities for a lot of people in X. After considering both side advantages of X and Y, it can be said that the investment deal is a win-win situation for both the countries that is X and Y. Both the countries will be vastly beneficial from this investment deal. However, the fact cannot be denied that there is a risk involve for the company of Y in this deal; but the presence of proper investment strategies and the assistance of the government of X can make this deal fruitful for both X and Y (Kroencke, Schindler Schrimpf, 2014). References Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J. R., Rammal, H. G., Rose, E. L. (2014).International business. Pearson Australia. Dunning, J. H. (2012).International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (RLE International Business). Routledge. Eicher, S. (Ed.). (2016).Corruption in international business: The challenge of cultural and legal diversity. CRC Press. Kroencke, T. A., Schindler, F., Schrimpf, A. (2014). International diversification benefits with foreign exchange investment styles.Review of Finance,18(5), 1847-1883. Lambsdorff, J. G. (2013). Corrupt intermediaries in international business transactions: between make, buy and reform.European Journal of Law and Economics,35(3), 349-366. Madsen, T. K., Moen, ., Hammervold, R. (2012). The role of independent intermediaries: The case of small and medium-sized exporters.International Business Review,21(4), 535-546. Moffett, M. H., Stonehill, A. I., Eiteman, D. K. (2014).Fundamentals of multinational finance. Pearson. Moosa, I. (2016).Foreign direct investment: theory, evidence and practice. Springer. Neelankavil, J. P. (2015).International business research. Routledge. Saaty, T. L., Vargas, L. G. (2013).Decision making with the analytic network process: economic, political, social and technological applications with benefits, opportunities, costs and risks(Vol. 195). Springer Science Business Media. Shroff, N., Verdi, R. S., Yu, G. (2013). Information environment and the investment decisions of multinational corporations.The Accounting Review,89(2), 759-790. Wild, J., Wild, K. L., Han, J. C. (2014).International business. Pearson Education Limited.

Socrates Moral Obligation To Civil Law

The following is the hypothetical conversation on the subject of one’s moral obligation to a civil law, which could have had taken place between Socrates and Protagoras (sophist philosopher).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates: Moral Obligation To Civil Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More During the course of this conversation, Socrates was able to prove to Protagoras that the notion of one’s moral obligation to a civil law is indeed fully objective. The conversation was concerned with the discussion of contemporary socio-political issues. Protagoras: Dear Socrates, I am not entirely convinced that people should consider themselves being morally compelled to seek into attuning their act with the conventions of a civil law. The reason for this is simple – as you, I am sure, is being well aware of; morality itself never ceases to remain the subject of a constant transformation. As human societies advance, in social, scientific and cultural senses of this word, the morality of these societies’ members never ceases to attain qualitatively new characteristics (Foucault 101). Therefore, it would only be logical to assume that there are no good reasons to believe that, as time goes on, the concept of one’s moral obligation to a civil law will continue to be perceived as being thoroughly objective. Socrates: I do not deny the fact that, as time goes one, people’s code of behavioral ethics undergoes a qualitative transformation. Nevertheless, you should agree that the earlier mentioned transformation results in people growing ever more open-minded and tolerant. For example; whereas, as recent as hundred years ago, the majority of citizens in Western countries thought of the concept of ‘civil marriage’ as such that implied ‘sinfulness’, it is no longer the case nowadays. After all, it now became a commonplace practice among We stern men and women to enter into relationships, without having to get married (Cherlin 848). Do not you agree?Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Protagoras: Yes, I agree. This, however, only proves the validity of what I was saying earlier – as time goes on; the conventions of traditional morality become increasingly outdated. In its turn, this should lead us to a conclusion that the notion of one’s moral obligation to a civil law can no longer be thought of as representing an undeniable truth-value. After all, it may very well be the case that tomorrow, people’s newly adopted moral predispositions will prompt them to consider one’s willingness to adhere to the conventions of a civil law as being essentially ‘immoral’ – certainly, not an improbable scenario. Socrates: Your argument, in this respect, cannot be considered fully legitimate. The reason for this is simple – while stating that people’s morality undergoes a continuous transformation, you failed at pointing out to what represents such transformation’s qualitative effects. As I mentioned earlier, there is an undeniable tendency for Western societies to grow ever more tolerant. Given the fact that you admitted that my line of argumentation, in this respect, is being fully legitimate, you will have to agree that the subtleties of morality’s transformation are being dialectically predetermined. To put it plainly – it is quite possible to predict the spatial essence of morality’s continuous alteration. Protagoras: I guess I will have to agree. Still, I do not quite understand how what you have just said relates to what it being discussed. Socrates: What I have said points out to the fact that Western societies become increasingly secular (civil). Therefore, it would only be natural to think that the essence of earlier m entioned morality’s transformation is being fully consistent with the process of societies’ secularization (Dobbelaere 167).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Socrates: Moral Obligation To Civil Law specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In fact, this secularization appears to be driven by people’s realization of the fact that there is nothing wrong with the disposal of clearly outdated moral dogmas. Protagoras: Yes, this is exactly what I was trying to say. Socrates: Then, you would have to also agree that, even though the process of morality’s transformation does affect a variety of legal conventions, it nevertheless does not undermine Western law from within, as a whole. Otherwise, the process of people becoming ever more open-minded and less concerned with professing the traditional values should have resulted in Western societies being plunged into the state of anarchy. Yet, this is not being the case, is it? Protagoras: I will have to agree with you on that. Even though that, as time goes on, more and more people tend to reconsider the validity of clearly outdated moral conventions, such their tendency does not seem to affect the qualitative aspects of Western societies’ functioning. Socrates: This is because, contrary to what you were implying, the continuous transformation of a number of ethics-related traditional conventions does not result in undermining morality’s validity, as ‘thing in itself’. It is important to understand that; whereas, in the past, the notion of morality used to be perceived as something closely associated with the notion of religion, it nowadays is being increasingly looked upon as something that originates out of an impersonal civil law.Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Protagoras: It is actually beginning to dawn upon me what you are trying to say. Evidently enough, you are implying that the notion of morality is being essentially synonymous to the notion of a civil/secular law, as the solemn ‘authority’ that regulates socio-political dynamics within a particular society. Socrates: Yes, you are right. Just consider the case of Muslim countries in the Third World. The majority of these countries’ citizens never cease taking pride in their strong adherence to the dogmas of Islamic morality. Moreover, even upon having immigrated to Western countries, these people continue to profess the ideals of ‘traditional living’, while bashing native-born Westerners on the account of their ‘materialism’, ‘consumerism’ and ‘non-spirituality’. This, however, does not prevent Muslim immigrants from acting as primeval barbarians, upon being exposed to the ideas that do not quite match their own (Banu 2408). I am sure, you must have heard of incidents of street-violence, instigated by the publishing of caricatures on Islamic ‘prophet’ Mohamed in Western newspapers? Protagoras: Yes, I have heard of it. The representatives of Muslim communities in Western countries used to hold mass-rallies, while protesting these caricatures’ publishing, as utterly inappropriate. As far as I remember, these protests were quite violent. Many innocent bystanders sustained physical injuries, simply because they were unfortunate enough to find themselves in close proximity to the raging crowds of Muslim immigrants. Socrates: That is correct. As the context of your latest remark implies, you do consider Muslims’ behavior, in this respect, highly inappropriate? Protagoras: Yes, of course. After all, they were not forced to immigrate to Western countries. If they do not like the ideals of Western secular living, they should simply pack up and leave to where they came from , so that nothing would prevent them from being able to celebrate their religion, in time free from indulging in tribal wars and making babies on an industrial scale. Socrates: Did it occur to you that what you have just said points out to the fact that you think of Muslims’ socially inappropriate behavior as being essentially immoral? Protagoras: I think so. Apparently, these people are being utterly intolerant to other people’s opinions. Socrates: What do you think makes them being intolerant to the extent that many of them are willing to go as far as killing their opponents? Protagoras: I think, they are being little too devoted to their religion. Socrates: Exactly! These people are simply being intellectually primitive, which in turn prompts them to act in a manner if they were absolutely unaffected by the provisions of Western secular law. They think this law has nothing to do with them, as it is only their ‘holy book’ Quran, which they consider to co ntain the only valid instructions as to how they ought to address life’s challenges (Baig 61). Do you agree now that one’s failure to observe the provisions of a civil law is being essentially immoral, as it leads to violence and chaos? Protagoras: I think you have made a good point there. Still, I am not entirely sure that the notion of ‘one’s moral obligation to civil law’ is being fully tangible, simply because there can be no instrument for defining and measuring such obligation’s objective emanations. I guess you are being aware of the fact that the concept of a civil law is based upon the premise that ‘whatever is not forbidden is permitted’. This creates a certain paradox – after all, one might very well go about proving its adherence to the provisions of a civil law by indulging in morally repugnant behavior, since such type of behavior is not being strictly forbidden. Socrates: Actually, the point you have just ma de is being explored throughout the movie Larry Flynt vs. People. Movie’s main character – the publisher of Hustler Magazine Larry Flynt, simply strived to run his business, concerned with selling pornography. This, however, did cost him dearly, as during the course of seventies; America’s Bible-thumpers were still utterly influential. This was exactly the reason why Larry Flynt never ceased being sued on the account of his business’s ‘moral inappropriateness’. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court’s final ruling, in regards to the case of Larry Flynt vs. Jerry Falwell (Christian preacher), left no doubt as to the fact that by promoting pornography, Flynt has in fact been promoting democratic/civil values (Butterbaugh 15). This shows that, regardless of how strongly immoral one’s behavior may appear, for as long as such a behavior contributes to the strengthening of a civil law, as the only legitimate societal authority, this individu al should be considered an outstanding citizen. Protagoras: In other words, there is a possibility for seemingly immoral individuals to be considered as such that experience an innate obligation to promote the provisions of a civil law? Socrates: Yes, there is. It is important to understand that, unlike what it happened to be the case with people’s most commonly irrational morality-related convictions, the morality advanced by a civil law is fully rational, which in turn means that it is being fully objective. The reason for this is apparent – it is namely the countries where civil law enjoys the status of an undisputed authority, which feature world’s highest standards of living. Why is it? This is because it is only in intellectually liberated secular societies, where an impersonal civil law is being equally applied to societies’ members, regardless of what happened to be the particulars of their racial, cultural of religious uniqueness, where the conti nuation of a scientific, cultural and social progress is possible, in the first place. In its turn, this progress creates objective preconditions for the people to be able to enjoy a nice living. After all, as I mentioned earlier, it is specifically ‘godless’, ‘immoral’ and ‘consumerist’ Western societies that serve as a magnet for the hordes of highly ‘spiritual’ and ‘culturally rich’ but intellectually backward immigrants from the Third World, and not the vice versa. Therefore, one’s willingness to observe the provisions of a civil law should indeed be considered the foremost indication of him of her being a moral individual. Protagoras: I guess, I have no option but to agree with you. It just dawned upon that, even though the conventional morality does in fact undergo the process of a continuous transformation, the very purpose of this process is make people’s moral judgments to be fully correlative wi th the provisions of a civil/secular law. Therefore, if there were an instrument for measuring the extent of people’s endowment with socially beneficial morals, it would be the observation of how comfortable they are with the implications of a civil law. Socrates: That is correct. Allow me to conclude this conversation by reinstating once again that there is not only a moral obligation for the people to act in accordance with the provisions of a civil law, but there is also an obligation for them to actively strive to resist just about anything that might undermine such law’s implicational integrity. Protagoras: Thank you for your time. I did find this conversation truly enlightening. Bibliography: Baig B. G. â€Å"Islamic Fundamentalism.† Social Scientist 9.1 (1980): 58-65. Print. Banu, Zainab. â€Å"Immigrant Groups as a Factor in Communal Riots.† Economic  and Political Weekly 29.37 (1994): 2408-2411. Print. Butterbaugh, Laura. â€Å"Is This Freedom ?† Off Our Backs 27.4 (1997): 15-18. Print. Cherlin, Andrew. â€Å"The Deinstitutionalization of American Marriage.† Journal of  Marriage and Family 66.4 (2004): 848-861. Print. Dobbelaere, Karel. Secularization: An Analysis at Three Levels. Berlin: Peter  Lang, 2004. Print. Foucault, Michel. The History of Sexuality. New York: Pantheon, 1978. Print. This essay on Socrates: Moral Obligation To Civil Law was written and submitted by user Aubrianna Mccarthy to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Head Start Disorders Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Psychiatry

Head Start Disorders Essays - Psychiatric Diagnosis, Psychiatry Head Start Disorders The highest rates of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD) are found in low-income welfare families. The Head Start program is for the continued enhancement of services for poor children ages zero to five, and their families. The parents of the children in the Head Start program are rarely examined. Head Start instead focuses on the academic performance of the involved children. The article, Preventing Conduct Problems in Head Start Children: Strengthening Parenting Competencies in The Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology decides to take a different approach. Instead of singling out the child and holding only the child responsible for their social and academic behavior, they put the responsibility on the family, the school as well as the child. Nine centers were chosen from within one large urban Head Start district (representing six school districts) on the basis of their similarity in terms of ethnic minority percentages, teachers qualifications, family service workers qualifications and education, number of classrooms, number of children, children's enrollment age, and length of Head Start class (4 hr per day). Another factor was their willingness to participate in the study and to be randomly assigned to either the intervention group (PARTNERS), which is supposed to be an early prevention group to prevent the development of ODD and CD in young children. Or being randomly assigned to the CONTROL group (Head Starts regular curriculum). The Nine Head Start centers were randomly assigned to either groups. This is a plus because the whole center, not just a few classes in the center, is involved in the chosen program. Also, the centers didnt debate on which program that theyd like to participate in. There were more families in the experimental group than in the control group. The Partners or Control program is the independent variable (depending on which group the child is a part of). The childs conduct is the dependent variable.

The Strategic Marketing Plan for Spicy Toddy Wine Essay

The Strategic Marketing Plan for Spicy Toddy Wine - Essay Example The important USP is the introduction of preferential selling days, on selected weekends and holidays, with attractive offers to improve the sales during the weekend and holiday tours. Also an excellent network of sales distribution channels to support the sales outlet is also envisaged in the process. Long-term success depends on having satisfied pool of customers and hence customer retention initiatives also have a major role in the promotion of Spicy Toddy Wine. The primary sales outlets are the key places where the youth is expected to spend considerable amount of time during their leisure. The adventure sport centers, beaches, movie halls and commercial places are the locations where the Spicy Toddy Wine would prefer to consolidate its sales. The distribution channels would be tailored appropriately to support the sales at this location. Though the sugar syrups are reported to have stored for more than a year without any damage, the health consciousness of the population could result in the intuition of avoiding the products with the extended shelf life (foodbanter.com, n.d.). Thus the concentrated selling points with the necessary promotions would demand a highly efficient distribution channels to support the sales. The channels of distribution are also created to ensure a proper supply linkage to the prime tourist places where the product would be pushed as an exclusive product of the region. Further, the logistics in distribution is planned very carefully (Kotler and Armstrong, 2001). The entire chain starts with primary processing centers located in prime palm growing regions. The natural toddy pooled from local producers is processed to remove any microbial contaminants and checked for its purity and product acceptability as per the FDA regulations. The quality control team has diverse role like ensuring the quality at all processing and bottling centers and quality at the delivery locations. The quality assurance is more rigorous in the places where wine vending machines are installed. The packing for delivery is also undertaken in variety of ways. From the small sachets for a fast moving individuals, special tour pack which have better bottle in tamper free boxes to prevent any damage in long journeys and home buyer pack which are targeted at home based users. The packed goods are carried to the exclusive sales points being operated in the specially designed chilled vans to prevent any damage to the product. The inventory updating is scheduled for Fridays based on the sales forecast received from sales team. The beer vending machine placed at prime locations are operated only on weekends and holidays. They are refilled on Fridays and emptied and cleaned on Mondays. The vending machine refill operations are managed by a different team as it demands sophistication and better quality in its handling. In addition, the exclusive weekend parlors are the special centers which were set up to monitor the direct sales and to understand the buying behavior of customers and h ence to develop means to improve the delivery. Marketing Mix: Customer Relationship Management Retention of customers in the most difficult part in the business of wines

Gender Roles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 3

Gender Roles - Essay Example Necessarily there exists an attempt -on the individual level as it is evident in Troy’s fatherly affection towards his children and in Bonno’s anxiety that he also might repeat his father’s role- to restore order and peace in conjugal life. Though Troy driven by sexual impulses makes contra-social relationship with Alberta, his fatherly affection and sense of responsibility for his wife proves him to be more of a sensible social being than of a member of the egoist patriarchy. Regarding Troy’s responsibility to his family, Storm (n.d.) says, â€Å"He was not in love with Rose, but felt a responsibility to her† (p. 3). But in the opposite manner, not only the roles of the male characters such as Othello, Iago, Cassio etc in the â€Å"Othello† and attitudes towards women and love, but also the passivity of the female characters depict a male dominated society in which a female figure is shaped according to what the male wants to and women’s voice is never paid heed to, as Desdemona’s true claim about her fidelity and loyalty has continuously been ignored by her husband. Referring to Othello’s ideal conception of Desdemona, Guffey (2005) says, â€Å"Othello had a perception of Desdemona that was altered by the machinations of Iago.   Desdemona contributed to that perception by fulfilling a role that she thought was ideal for Othello.   She wanted to be Othello’s perfect woman, so she portrayed herself as pure and virginal to her husband.† (p. 3). In comparison to Shakespeare’s â€Å"Othello†, the male characters of the â€Å"Fences† are less assertive to be the representatives of modern patriarchy. On the surface level Troy appears to be a bully, but he needs her support. He is not completely haughty; rather he pays heed to her and provides financial help to Lyon. At least, Troy does not hold any patriarchal-idealistic view of women’s fidelity. When he finds his father molesting his girlfriend, he beats his father, not the girl. But it

Orion Nebula Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Orion Nebula - Research Paper Example It was the first nebula to be photographed (1880), by Henry Draper in the United States† (Encyclop?dia Britannica, 2013). Orion is amongst the simplest to be found patters of star in the sky on the evenings of the winter season. The feature that defines Orion is a three stars’ row that constitutes Orion’s belt. The bright reddish star called as Betelgeuse is located above the belt. The bluish star called as Rigel exists just underneath the belt. A dimmer stars’ sword hangs straight from this belt. The ancient astronomers were impressed to observe a splotch of blood upon the stars’ sword, that can be seen with the naked eye in the dark; that is Orion Nebula. Although Orion Nebula can be seen with the naked eye, it was not until 1610 that its actual nebulous nature was identified. â€Å"As a vast and active star-forming region of bright dust and gas located a mere 1,500 light-years distant, the various stars within the Orion Nebula Cluster (ONC) has g iven astronomers invaluable benchmarks for research on many aspects of star formation† (Major, 2012). Orion Nebula appears as a web of dark dust and glowing gas when observed with the help of a large telescope or when its processed images are seen. â€Å"As a region of gas and dust coalesced under its combined gravity, stars began to burst into life and lit up the rest of the cloud resulting in the bright and colourful swirls of gas and dust that you can easily see through binoculars and telescopes† (Active Astronomy, n.d.). Inside the Orion Nebula forms the adolescent stars’ energy. Trapezium is the conglomerate of four bright stars that exist in its center. Observations made with the help of telescope have led to the conclusion that 11 stars exist inside the central group whereas the number of immediately neighboring stars is more than 2000 (Fraknoi, 2007). These surrounding stars are very small in age; their age is less than one million years which is why they can be considered as babies according to the astronomical standards. Nebula gains its glow from the energy provided by one of the stars, that is known as Theta-1C Orionis. Theta-IC Orionis can make up to 40 stars like Sun. The glow it contains is equal to the brightness of 210,000 Suns. The width of nebula is around 30 light years. A certain number of infant stars can be seen throughout the nebula. Disks of darker material surround the infant stars. These disks make a planet system that is similar to the system of planets that surrounds the Sun. â€Å"Observations with the Hubble Space Telescope have revealed over 150 such "getting-ready-to-make-planets" disks, an indication that the birth of stars is frequently accompanied by the birth of planets† (Fraknoi, 2007). The Orion Nebula entirely extends over the sky’s one degree region. It consists of numerous associations of stars, neutral clouds of dust and gas, reflection nebulae, and ionized gas volumes. Orion Nebula i s a constituent of a larger nebula called as the Orion Molecular Cloud Complex that includes Barnard’s Loop, Flame Nebula, M43, Horsehead Nebula, and M78 and extends all across Orion’s constellation. The heat-intensive process of star formation inside the Orion Nebula makes it prominent in the infrared. The roughly spherical cloud formed by the nebula that reaches its peak in the density close to the core. The temperature of the cloud ranges up to 10,000 K that

Effect of Earnings Decline on Crime Levels

Effect of Earnings Decline on Crime Levels Module: Contemporary Issues in the UK Economy Use an appropriate supply and demand framework to explain how a decline in earnings from legitimate work would be expected to affect the level of crime. To what extent does evidence from the UK support this theoretical prediction? The idea that low earnings affect crime is not a new idea; Aristotle (350 B.C.) himself said â€Å"poverty is the parent of revolution and crime† (pg. 32). Since then, there has been much research in the field since policymakers require this information to create effective crime-reducing policies. In recent years, falling real wages has been a significant issue since the UK is in the longest period of pay stagnation since 1855 (The Economist, 25th Oct 2014). I will discuss the impact of falling wages on the crime rate by using an economic supply and demand framework and comparing my findings to real evidence from UK data. Both Becker (1968) and Freeman’s (1999) work make the assumption that criminals are rational economic agents and hence criminal activity can be modelled using a supply and demand framework in the same way one could a goods or services market. Economic theory states that the supply of crime depends on four components: potential earnings from committing a successful crime (Wc), probability of being caught (p), level of punishment (S) and wages earned from legitimate work (W). This can be shown in the following inequality: (1-p)U(Wc)-pU(S)>U(W) The left hand side represents the potential net benefit gained from committing the crime and the right hand side shows the utility of legitimate earnings. So the individual will commit a crime if the net benefits of committing the crime exceed the benefits of legitimate work. These factors which influence whether an individual decides to commit a crime or not can be aggregated to create the following function for Criminal Participation (CP): CP=f (Wc, P, S, W). The demand function of crime describes how the level of crime in society falls as individuals take increasing preventative measures (Cook, 1986) and therefore, the demand curve is downward sloping. However, the level of demand for committing crimes varies depending on the type of criminal activity undertaken. Freeman (1999) differentiates between â€Å"victimless† and â€Å"victims† crime suggesting that â€Å"victimless† crime carries obvious economic gain, e.g. dealing drugs, whereas â€Å"victims† crime has no obvious economic benefit e.g. violent crime. However, the downward sloping demand curve for â€Å"victims† crime is less intuitive so most work focusses on â€Å"victimless† crime. It is worth noting that one of the limitations of this supply and demand model in analysing crime rates is that it does not take into account non-economic incentives i.e. the feeling of doing wrong versus earning an honest living. Having discussed how to model crime using supply and demand analysis, I will now use these economic tools to illustrate a situation where wages are falling. If wages from legitimate work (W) fall, the supply curve will shift outwards since the opportunity cost of crime has fallen. Using the inequality previously discussed ((1-p) U(Wc)-pU(S)>U(W)), if legitimate earnings (W) fall, assuming ceteris paribus, the benefits of committing the crime are relatively higher. Hence more people will be willing to commit crimes. This is shown in Figure 1 as the shift from CP1 to CP2. Cantor and Land (1985) call this the motivation effect. As shown here, the outward shift of â€Å"supply† of crime (CP1 to CP2) results in an increase in the amount of crime committed (Q1 to Q2). However, there is also a fall in potential earnings from crime (Wc1 to Wc2); if wages fall, the value of consumer goods being bought is likely to fall so there are fewer valuable goods available to steal. This is the Opportunity Effect (Cantor and Land, 1985). So the fall in wages could actually reduce the crime level. It is difficult to gauge which effect, Opportunity or Motivation, is stronger. One factor which could affect this is whether low or high wages are falling. Machin and Meghir (2004) make this distinction by analysing the 25th wage percentile to capture lower skilled workers whose opportunity cost of committing is lower (Freeman, 1999). Machin and Meghir use data from England and Wales (1975-1996) and focus on vehicle and property crime as these are more likely to be driven by economic incentives than e.g. violent crimes. Figure 2 shows the relationship between the level of wage growth in an economy and the level of crime. The close proximity of the points on the graph to the regression line (calculated using a weighted least squares regression) shows a relatively strong negative correlation between the variables and the slope of the regression line gave a value of -1.580; hence, as the 25th percentile wage rises by 1%, the property crime rate is expected to fall by 1.580%. Machin and Meghir’s work supports the theoretical analysis that falling wages leads to higher crime rates for low paid workers. Therefore if low wages fall, the Motivation effect exceeds the Opportunity effect. We can also look at more recent wage and crime data from the UK to see if it supports the conclusion, that falling wages leads to higher crime rates, drawn from supply and demand analysis. As shown in Figure 3, there has been a downward trend in the real wage rate in the UK since the financial crash in 2007, real wage growth was around 10% but this has fallen to -9% by 2014. Using economic theory, it is evident that if real wages fall, then tax revenue earned by the government is likely to decrease through e.g. lower income tax revenue. Moreover, if people have lower earnings, government’s spending in transfer payments e.g. benefits is likely to rise. The situation of falling tax revenue and higher demand for public services has led to a worsening budget balance so the Coalition government adopted austerity measures. This has affected many areas of public sector spending, including the police force where there have been  £2.5bn in budget cuts since 2011, and an estimated 70% of these cuts have been in officer cuts (BBC News, 22nd July 2014). This leads to a fall in the probability of being caught (P) and severity of punishment (S), since severe punishments are typically more expensive. The effects on P and S are â€Å"second round† effects derived from falling wages. Using the CP function, one would expect that if P and S fall there is a rise in crime. However, national crime statistics demonstrate a reduction in the level of crime in the UK (figure 4): So it is evident that crime has been falling since around 1995 as shown by the Crime Survey for England and Wales (CSEW) data estimate. Since the financial crash, crime has fallen from around 10.5 million in 2008/2009 to 8.5 million in 2012/2013. This contradicts the conclusion made using supply/demand analysis that falling wages leads to higher crime rates. However, David Cameron argues that remaining policemen have been asked â€Å"to do more with less resources [and they] have performed magnificently (Gill, 2013). However, critics argue that there are other factors which have reduced crime statistics. Gill (2013) points towards technological advancements as a significant reason for a falling crime rates. Firstly, car manufacturers are able to include central locking systems which makes it more difficult for criminals to break in. Secondly, car break-ins are typically a â€Å"starter crime† leading onto more serious crimes such as drug dealing; if fewer people are getting involved in crime at this lower level then there will be less crime overall. Thirdly, Gill (2013) highlights the way crime is reported as being a problem since there has been growth in online and high tech crime, for example, online credit card fraud, which is not taken into account in the CSEW crime statistics. Therefore, the â€Å"second round† effects, that falling wages/tax revenue force governments to cut police funding results in more crime, may not be felt since technological advancements have resulted in less (reported) crime. That said, the Ministry of Justice (MoJ) made a statement (2010) explaining how it planned to stabilise the number of prisoners until 2014/2015 and after this it would look at reducing the number by 3000 fewer than the figure as of 19th November 2010 (85,393). So while austerity measures have been implemented by the government, the severity of punishments has yet to fall significantly; this may be another reason why the crime rate did not increase whilst wages have been falling. It will be interesting to see whether going forward now crime rates increase since the MoJ is aiming to reduce the number of prisoners. In conclusion, it is evident that a supply and demand framework to model the effect of falling wages on crime cannot fully explain the situation we are currently in. In all fairness, Machin and Meghir’s work did support these findings, however more recent wage and crime data has contradicted the expected outcome. Therefore, although using a supply and demand framework can explain the impact of falling wages on crime to an extent, other factors, such as technological developments, may also influence the crime rate and policymakers who are trying to tackle crime need to ensure these other factors are also taken into account. Bibliography Aristotle (350 B.C.E.) Politics. Translated by B. Jowett. 1999. Kitchener: Batoche Books. Becker, G. (1968) Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach. Journal of Political Economy, 76 (2): 169-217. Becker, G. (1992) The Economic Way of Looking at Life. Nobel Prize [transcript], Wednesday 9th December, Available from: http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1992/becker-lecture.pdf [Accessed 18th November 2014]. Blunt, C. (2010) Imprisonment for Public Protection. House of Commons Debate [transcript], Tuesday 23rd November, Available from: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm101123/debtext/101123-0001.htm [Accessed on 20th November 2010]. Cantor, D. and Land, K. C. (1985) Unemployment and crime rates in the post-World War 2 United States: A Theoretical and Empirical Analysis. American Sociological Review, 50 (3): 317–332. Cook, P. J. (1986) The Demand and Supply of Criminal Opportunities. Crime and Justice, 7: 1-27. Crime in England and Wales: Quarterly Bulletin. The Office of National Statistics [online], 19th July 2012. Available from: http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/dcp171778_273169.pdf [Accessed 16th November 2014]. Dolphin, T. (2014) Bleak figures show a relentless slide towards a low-pay Britain. The Observer [online], Sunday 19th October. Available from: http://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/oct/18/economy-bleak-british-workers-technology [Accessed 18th November 2014]. Ehrlich, I. (1996) Crime, Punishment and Market for Offenses. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 10 (1): 43-67. Freeman, R. (1999) â€Å"The Economics of Crime.† In Ashenfelter, O. and Card, D. (ed.) Handbook of Labour Economics, 3. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North Holland Publishers. pp. 3530-3571. Gill, M. (2013) David Cameron is wrong: falling crime rates are not because of the magnificent police. New Statesman [online], Thursday 18th July. Available from: http://www.newstatesman.com/politics/2013/07/no-david-cameron-falling-crime-rates-are-not-because-magnificent-police [Accessed on: 17th November 2014]. Machin, S. and Meghir, C. (2004) Crime and Economic Incentives. The Journal of Human Resources, 49 (4): 958-979. Police forces in England and Wales ’rise to the cuts challenge’. BBC News [online], 22nd July 2014. Available from: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-28415123 [Accessed 18th November 2014]. Real Wages: What Recovery?. The Economist [online], 25th Oct 2014. Available from: http://www.economist.com/news/britain/21627665-workers-continue-feel-pinch-what-recovery [Accessed 18th November 2014].

Essay on The Greater Sin in Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter

The Greater Sin in The Scarlet Letter    In essence, there were three main sins committed in The Scarlet Letter, the sins of Hester, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth. Roger Chillingworth committed the greatest sin because he let himself be ruled by hatred and the consuming desire for vengeance.   The overpowering vengeance and hatred felt by Chillingworth caused his life to be centered on demeaning Dimmesdale and tormenting him until the end of time.   Both Hester Prynne and Arthur Dimmesdale committed sins for which they were deeply remorseful, Roger Chillingworth, however, committed the greater sin because he felt no guilt.   Unknowingly, Hester Prynne sailed from Europe to the Americas betrayed and tricked.   Waiting for the arrival of her husband, Roger Chillingworth, she lost hope in him ever arriving or even still being alive.   After enduring two years of tortured loneliness and lost love, Hester wished to feel the warmth of love again.   She tried to fill this emptiness by making love with the Reverend Dimmesdale.   When her child Pearl was born, Hester's adulterous sin was discovered and she was cast out from their society and required to wear an embroidered â€Å"A† on her bosom in punishment.   Hester felt guilt for her sin the rest of her life and sought repentance and absolution until the time she died.   Hester never had true love for Chillingworth, but was tricked into marriage.   She later told him this while speaking in her jail cell saying to him, â€Å"... thou knowest that I was frank with thee, I felt no love, nor feigned any† (Hawthorne, page #). Hester was betrayed, tricked and allowed herself to become caught up in the evil desires of another.   She then allowed herself to be trapped by sin, cau... ...me year as a result of this.   Roger Chillingworth's sin was the greatest committed because it ruled his life even until his death. Comparing between the sins of Hester Prynne, the Reverend Arthur Dimmesdale, and Roger Chillingworth, the reader can easily establish that Roger Chillingworth committed the greatest sin.   He did this by being ruled by hatred and the feeling of vengeance.    1.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In your conclusion it would have been good practice to restate the conditions of Prynne and Dimmesdale as well. 2.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Always cite your quote with the name of the author and the page number on which the quote can be found.   For example, a correct citation would be (Hawthorne 60). 3.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Also in quotes, the punctuation should come after the parentheses.   For example, â€Å"My folly and weakness.† (Pg. 52)   should read â€Å"my folly and weakness† (Hawthorne 52).